Compositions of kinase inhibitors and their use for treatment of cancer and other diseases related to kinases

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel thiazole-substituted indolin-2-ones as inhibitors of CSCPK and related kinases; to methods of inhibiting cancer stem cells by using a kinase inhibitor; to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds; and to methods of using such compounds in the treatment of a protein kinase related disorder in a mammal; and to processes of making such compounds and intermediates thereof.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to composition and methods of use of novelthiazole-substituted indolin-2-ones as inhibitors of cancer stem cellsas well as cancer stem cell pathway kinase (Cancer Stem Cell PathwayKinase—CSCPK) and other related kinases; to pharmaceutical compositionscontaining such compounds; and to methods of using such compounds in thetreatment of a protein kinase related disorder in a mammal; and toprocesses of making such compounds and intermediates thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Despite decades of efforts in the cancer therapies, cancer remains ahuge public health burden. Surgery and radiotherapy are quite successfulin treating primary tumors. However, once a cancer has disseminated todistant sites, chemotherapy is often required to treat the disease.Cytotoxic agents have played a critical role in modern cancer therapy.However, they usually induce substantial toxicity in normal tissues. Theprinciple for treatment of cancer has changed. Cytotoxic drugs arelosing their dominance in the chemotherapy world and targeted therapiesare being developed with the aim of more specifically targeting cancercells. Targeted cancer therapies are a relatively new class of agentswith selectivity for targets implicated in tumor growth. They havedemonstrated impressive efficacy with much less toxicity than cytotoxicagents.

Protein kinases are a family of enzymes that regulate a wide variety ofcellular processes, including cell growth, cell profileration, celldifferentiation and metabolism. The protein kinases communicate cellgrowth signals through sequential chemical modification of pathwaypartners. Therefore, pharmacologic inhibition of any kinase on a givensignal transduction cascade would theoretically block communicationalong the entire pathway. In addition, it is known that protein kinasesplay a role in disease states and disorders, for example, kinasemutation mutation and/or overexpression are frequently characterized incancers, resulting in hyperactivated activity that often correlates withuncontrolled cell growth. For that reason, protein kinases representpotential targets for therapeutic inhibition. [1]. Cancer Stem Cells(CSC) is a subpopulation of cells within a variety of tumor types with atumorigenic potential that is lacking in the rest of the cells withinthese tumors. There is mounting evidence that such cells exist in almostall tumor types. CSC give rise to the differentiated cells that form thebulk of the tumor mass and phenotypically characterize the disease.Cancer stem cells have been demonstrated to be fundamentally responsiblefor carcinogenesis, cancer metastasis, and cancer reoccurrence. In manytumors, CSC and their differentiated progeny appear to have markedlydifferent biologic characteristics. Conventional therapies that targetmature tumor cells may lead to clinical improvement, but are unlikely tobe curative unless CSCs are also targeted. Relevant targets unique tothe rare cancer stem cells may be missed if clinical activity is judgedsolely by criteria that reflect the effects of treatment on the bulk ofthe cancer.

We have recently shown that the compounds in this invention inhibitkinases and kill cancer stem cells, demonstrating that kinases areimportant targets for killing or inhibiting cancer stem cells. Thesekinases important for CSCs are collectively referred to CSCPK hereafter.Our results provide a method of targeting cancer stem cells with CSCPKinhibitors.

PDGFRα is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is activated afterbinding to its ligand, PDGF, which contributes to cell proliferation,angiogenesis, and apoptosis. It belongs to class III receptor tyrosinekinase family and are related to the CFS-1 receptor/c-fms and the stemcell growth factor/c-kit proto-oncogene family. PDGFRα pathway is activein early fetal development and reactivated in many cancers, such ashepatocellular cancer (HCC), head and neck cancer, brain tumors,gastrointestinal tumors, skin cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer,breast cancer, sarcoma, and leukemia [2-15]. In addition, PDGFRαactivation has recently been shown to play a key role in bone metastasisof prostate cancer [16, 17]. Furthermore, PDGFRα-p70S6K pathway has beenshown to be essential for angiogenesis in vivo [18]. Specificallytargeting PDGFRα using monoclonal antibody has been shown to lead tosignificant reduction in tumor cell proliferation and survival whilebeing a relatively non-toxic treatment [11]. Therefore, PDGFRαrepresents a target for developing targeted chemotherapy against broadspectrum of cancers with less toxicity.

Other than cancer, it has been well demonstrated that chromosomalrearrangments activate PDGFRα by fusion to FIP1L1, causing idiopathichypereosinophilic syndrome [5]. In addition, activation of PDGFRα bypromoter polymorphisms has linked to neural tube defects including spinabifida, which has been verified by mouse mutant model [19]. PDGFRαactivation has also been linked with fibrosis [20-23]. For that reason,PDGFRα represents a potential target for anti-fibrotic therapy.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula I,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected:

-   R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c);-   R₂ is heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted    aryl;-   R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl    or substituted aryl;-   R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano,    nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),    NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),    S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),    NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),    NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e);-   R₅ is alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₆ is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl or    substituted aryl, or OR_(a);-   R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or    substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;-   R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle    or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said    R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded    optionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and-   R_(e) is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,    alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula II,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected:

-   Het is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring containing at least one    heteroatom selected from N, O and S;-   R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c);-   R₃ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted    alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano,    nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),    NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),    S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),    NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),    NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e);-   R₅ is alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₆ and R₉ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro,    CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, or OR_(a);-   R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl,    cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R₁₄ and R₁₅    together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle;-   R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or    substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;-   R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle    or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said    R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded    optionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and-   R_(e) is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,    alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula III,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected:

-   Het is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring containing at least one    heteroatom selected from N, O and S;-   R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c);-   R₃ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted    alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano,    nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),    NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),    S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),    NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),    NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e);-   R₅ is alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₆ and R₉ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro,    CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, or OR_(a);-   R₁₁ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl,    cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R₁₂ and R₁₃    together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle;-   n is an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6;-   R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or    substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;-   R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle    or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said    R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded    optionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and-   R_(e) is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,    alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula IV,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected:

-   Het is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring containing at least one    heteroatom selected from N, O and S;-   R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c);-   R₃ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted    alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano,    nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),    NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),    S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),    NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),    NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e);-   R₅ is alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₆ and R₉ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro,    CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, or OR_(a);-   R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl,    cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R₁₄ and R₁₅    together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle;-   R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or    substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;-   R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle    or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said    R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded    optionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and-   R_(e) is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,    alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula V,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected:

-   R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c);-   R₃ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted    alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano,    nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),    NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),    S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),    NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),    NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e);-   R₅ is substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle,    aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₆ and R₉ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro,    CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, or OR_(a);-   R₁₁ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl,    cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R₁₂ and R₁₃    together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle;-   n is an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6;-   R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or    substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;-   R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle    or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said    R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded    optionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and-   R_(e) is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,    alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound or a pharmaceutically-acceptable saltthereof as described hereinabove and a pharmaceutically-acceptableexcipient, carrier, or diluent. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition further comprises at least one otheranti-cancer therapy. In some cases, the at least one other anti-cancertherapy includes radiotherapy (XRT), cytotoxic agents, targeted agents,or adjunctive agents. Non-limiting examples include gemcitabine,erlotinib, Taxol/taxotere, platinum (carboplain and cisplatin), 5-FU,adriamycin, sorafenib, imatinib, avastin, erbitux, or herceptin.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of treatingcancers in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceuticalcomposition as described hereinabove.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of treatingcancers in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceuticalcomposition as described hereinabove, to inhibit CSCPKs.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method ofinhibiting/reducing/diminishing cancer stem cell survival and/orproliferation in a mammal by inhibiting or decreasing unwanted activityof CSCPKs in the mammal.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method ofinhibiting/reducing/diminishing cancer stem cell survival and/orproliferation in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceuticalcomposition as described hereinabove.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating aprotein kinase related disorder in a mammal, comprising administering tothe mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of apharmaceutical composition as described hereinabove.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of modulatingthe catalytic activity of a protein kinase, comprising contacting saidprotein kinase with a compound or a pharmaceutically-acceptable saltthereof as described hereinabove.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a process ofmaking a compound or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof asdescribed hereinabove and intermediates thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows that compound 10-2 blocks activation of EGFR, c-Met andHer2 in a cell assay.

FIG. 2 shows that compound 10-2 inhibits activation of EGRF, cMet, andHer2, but does not cause a global reduction in tyrosine kinase activity.

FIG. 3 shows the kinome profiles of the compound 10-2 and the controlTKI.

FIG. 4A shows the identification of the cancer stem cell enrichedHoechst Side Population (SP).

FIG. 4B shows that compound 10-2 is more potent to the cancer stem cellenriched Hoechst SP.

FIG. 4C shows that compound 10-2 kills Hoechst side population cells byapoptosis.

FIG. 5 shows that compound 10-2 inhibits CSC spherogenesis in vitro.

FIG. 6 shows that compound 10-2 inhibits CSC spherogenesis in vivo.

FIG. 7 shows that compound 10-2 exhibits antitumor activity in a humanprostate cancer PC3 xenograft model.

FIG. 8 shows that compound 10-2 exhibits antitumor activity in a humanliver cancer HepG2 xenograft model.

FIG. 9 shows that compound 10-2 exhibits antitumor activity in a humanhead and neck cancer FaDu xenograft model.

FIG. 10 shows that compound 10-2 exhibits antitumor activity in a humangastric cancer MKN45 xenograft model.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A. Definitions

The following are definitions of terms used in the presentspecification. The initial definition provided for a group or termherein applies to that group or term throughout the presentspecification individually or as part of another group, unless otherwiseindicated.

The terms “alkyl” and “alk” refers to a straight or branched chainalkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms,preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Exemplary “alkyl” groups include methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl pentyl, hexyl,isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl,nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and the like. The term “C₁-C₄ alkyl”refers to a straight or branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radicalcontaining from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl. “Substituted alkyl” refers toan alkyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplarysubstituents include but are not limited to one or more of the followinggroups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent ormultiple halo substitutents forming, in the latter case, groups such asCF₃ or an alkyl group bearing Cl₃), cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF3, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c),OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), whereinR_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl,heterocycle, or aryl; R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen,alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R_(b) and R_(c) togetherwith the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle orsubstituted heterocycle; and R_(e) is alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl,cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. In the aforementionedexemplary substitutents, groups such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl can themselves be optionallysubstituted.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbonradical containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least onecarbon-carbon double bond. Exemplary such groups include ethenyl orallyl. “Substituted alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group substituted withone or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at anyavailable point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but arenot limited to, alkyl or substituted alkyl, as well as those groupsrecited above as exemplary alkyl substituents. The exemplarysubstitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbonradical containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon tocarbon triple bond. Exemplary such groups include ethynyl. “Substitutedalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group substituted with one or moresubstituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point ofattachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to,alkyl or substituted alkyl, as well as those groups recited above asexemplary alkyl substituents. The exemplary substitutents can themselvesbe optionally substituted.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a fully saturated cyclic hydrocarbongroup containing from 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring.Exemplary such groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, etc. “Substituted cycloalkyl” refers to acycloalkyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplarysubstituents include, but are not limited to, nitro, cyano, alkyl orsubstituted alkyl, as well as those groups recited above as exemplaryalkyl substituents. The exemplary substitutents can themselves beoptionally substituted. Exemplary substituents also includespiro-attached or fused cylic substituents, especially spiro-attachedcycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle(excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fusedheterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substitutents can themselves beoptionally substituted.

The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to a partially unsaturated cyclichydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring.Exemplary such groups include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl,etc. “Substituted cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl groupsubstituted with one more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents,at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include butare not limited to nitro, cyano, alkyl or substituted alkyl, as well asthose groups recited above as exemplary alkyl substituents. Theexemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.Exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cylicsubstituents, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attachedcycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fusedcycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, wherethe aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and arylsubstituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

The term “aryl” refers to cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have1 to 5 aromatic rings, especially monocyclic or bicyclic groups such asphenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl. Where containing two or more aromaticrings (bicyclic, etc.), the aromatic rings of the aryl group may bejoined at a single point (e.g., biphenyl), or fused (e.g., naphthyl,phenanthrenyl and the like). “Substituted aryl” refers to an aryl groupsubstituted by one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 3 substituents,at any point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are notlimited to, nitro, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl orsubstituted cycloalkenyl, cyano, alkyl or substituted alkyl, as well asthose groups recited above as exemplary alkyl substituents. Theexemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.Exemplary substituents also include fused cylic groups, especially fusedcycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, wherethe aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and arylsubstituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

The terms “heterocycle” and “heterocyclic” refer to fully saturated, orpartially or fully unsaturated, including aromatic (i.e., “heteroaryl”)cyclic groups (for example, 4 to 7 membered monocyclic, 7 to 11 memberedbicyclic, or 8 to 16 membered tricyclic ring systems) which have atleast one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring. Eachring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2, 3,or 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and/orsulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionallybe oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized.(The term “heteroarylium” refers to a heteroaryl group bearing aquaternary nitrogen atom and thus a positive charge.) The heterocyclicgroup may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any heteroatomor carbon atom of the ring or ring system. Exemplary monocyclicheterocyclic groups include azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl,pyrazolyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl,imidazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl,thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl,furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl,2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl,azepinyl, hexahydrodiazepinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl,tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinylsulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, 1,3-dioxolane andtetrahydro-1,1-dioxothienyl, and the like. Exemplary bicyclicheterocyclic groups include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiazolyl,benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl,2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxinyl, quinuclidinyl, quinolinyl,tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyranyl,indolizinyl, benzofuryl, benzofurazanyl, chromonyl, coumarinyl,benzopyranyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridyl,furopyridinyl (such as furo[2,3-c]pyridinyl, furo[3,2-b]pyridinyl] orfuro[2,3-b]pyridinyl), dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroquinazolinyl (such as3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinazolinyl), triazinylazepinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyland the like. Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups includecarbazolyl, benzidolyl, phenanthrolinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl,xanthenyl and the like.

“Substituted heterocycle” and “substituted heterocyclic” (such as“substituted heteroaryl”) refer to heterocycle or heterocyclic groupssubstituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplarysubstituents include, but are not limited to, cycloalkyl or substitutedcycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, nitro, oxo (i.e.,═O), cyano, alkyl or substituted alkyl, as well as those groups recitedabove as exemplary alkyl substituents. The exemplary substitutents canthemselves be optionally substituted. Exemplary substituents alsoinclude spiro-attached or fused cylic substituents at any availablepoint or points of attachment, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl,spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excludingheteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, orfused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heterocycle and aryl substituents can themselves be optionallysubstituted.

The terms “halogen” or “halo” refer to chlorine, bromine, fluorine oriodine.

The term “carbocyclic” refers to aromatic or non-aromatic 3 to 7membered monocyclic and 7 to 11 membered bicyclic groups, in which allatoms of the ring or rings are carbon atoms. “Substituted carbocyclic”refers to a carbocyclic group substituted with one or more substituents,preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, nitro, cyano,OR_(a), wherein R_(a) is as defined hereinabove, as well as those groupsrecited above as exemplary cycloalkyl substituents. The exemplarysubstitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.

The term “heating” includes, but not limited to, convertional heating(e.g., electric heating, steam heating, gas heating, etc.) as well asmicrowave heating.

The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent” asused herein means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition orvehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solventor encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting thesubject pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, toanother organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable”in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of theformulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materialswhich can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: sugars,such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch andpotato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powderedtragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter andsuppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, saffloweroil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such aspropylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol andpolyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate;agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminumhydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer'ssolution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and other non-toxiccompatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. Wettingagents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate,magnesium stearate, and polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide copolymeras well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening,flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can alsobe present in the compositions.

Unless otherwise indicated, any heteroatom with unsatisfied valences isassumed to have hydrogen atoms sufficient to satisfy the valences.

The compounds of the present invention may form salts which are alsowithin the scope of this invention. Reference to a compound of thepresent invention herein is understood to include reference to saltsthereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term “salt(s)”, as employedherein, denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and/ororganic acids and bases. In addition, when a compound of the presentinvention contains both a basic moiety, such as but not limited to apyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety such as but not limited to acarboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and areincluded within the term “salt(s)” as used herein. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts arepreferred, although other salts are also useful, e.g., in isolation orpurification steps which may be employed during preparation. Salts ofthe compounds of the present invention may be formed, for example, byreacting a compound I, II or III with an amount of acid or base, such asan equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the saltprecipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.

The compounds of the present invention which contain a basic moiety,such as but not limited to an amine or a pyridine or imidazole ring, mayform salts with a variety of organic and inorganic acids. Exemplary acidaddition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acidor trihaloacetic acid, for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates,alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates,bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates,camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates,dodecylsulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates,glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates,hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, hydroxyethanesulfonates(e.g., 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates), lactates, maleates,methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates (e.g.,2-naphthalenesulfonates), nicotinates, nitrates, oxalates, pectinates,persulfates, phenylpropionates (e.g., 3-phenylpropionates), phosphates,picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates(such as those formed with sulfuric acid), sulfonates, tartrates,thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates such as tosylates, undecanoates, and thelike.

The compounds of the present invention which contain an acidic moiety,such as but not limited to a carboxylic acid, may form salts with avariety of organic and inorganic bases. Exemplary basic salts includeammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium and potassiumsalts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts,salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such asbenzathines, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines (formed withN,N-bis(dehydroabietyl)ethylenediamine), N-methyl-D-glucamines,N-methyl-D-glycamides, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids suchas arginine, lysine and the like. Basic nitrogen-containing groups maybe quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g. methyl,ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkylsulfates (e.g. dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), longchain halides (e.g. decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides,bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g. benzyl and phenethylbromides), and others.

Solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein.Solvates of the compounds of the present invention include, for example,hydrates.

Compounds of the present invention, and salts thereof, may exist intheir tautomeric form (for example, as an amide or imino ether). Allsuch tautomeric forms are contemplated herein as part of the presentinvention.

All stereoisomers of the compounds of the present invention (forexample, those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on varioussubstituents), including enantiomeric forms and diastereomeric forms,are contemplated within the scope of this invention. Individualstereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, besubstantially free of other isomers (e.g., as a pure or substantiallypure optical isomer having a specified activity), or may be admixed, forexample, as racemates or with all other, or other selected,stereoisomers. The chiral centers of the present invention may have theS or R configuration as defined by the IUPAC 1974 Recommendations. Theracemic forms can be resolved by physical methods, such as, for example,fractional crystallization, separation or crystallization ofdiastereomeric derivatives or separation by chiral columnchromatography. The individual optical isomers can be obtained from theracemates by any suitable method, including without limitation,conventional methods, such as, for example, salt formation with anoptically active acid followed by crystallization.

Compounds of the present invention are, subsequent to their preparation,preferably isolated and purified to obtain a composition containing anamount by weight equal to or greater than 95% (“substantially pure”compound I), which is then used or formulated as described herein. Incertain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are morethan 99% pure.

All configurational isomers of the compounds of the present inventionare contemplated, either in admixture or in pure or substantially pureform. The definition of compounds of the present invention embraces bothcis (Z) and trans (E) alkene isomers, as well as cis and trans isomersof cyclic hydrocarbon or heterocyclic rings.

Throughout the specifications, groups and substituents thereof may bechosen to provide stable moieties and compounds.

B. Compounds

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula I,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected:

-   R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c);-   R₂ is heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted    aryl;-   R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl    or substituted aryl;-   R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano,    nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),    NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),    S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),    NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),    NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e);-   R₅ is alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₆ is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl or    substituted aryl, or OR_(a);-   R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or    substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;-   R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle    or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said    R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded    optionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and-   R_(e) is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,    alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, R₃is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R₁ and R₃ are each independentlyhydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl orsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₁, R₃ and R₆ are each independently hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₄, R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₁, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇ and R₈ are each independentlyhydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is alkylaryl or alkylheteroaryl, in whichsaid alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl may be optionally substituted. In certainother embodiments, R₅ is aryl or substituted aryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is phenyl or substituted phenyl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is heterocycle or substituted heterocycle. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is pyridine or substituted pyridine.

In certain embodiments, R₂ is aryl or substituted aryl. In certain otherembodiments, R₂ is heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₂ is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring containing at leastone heteroatom selected from N, O and S.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula II,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected:

-   Het is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring containing at least one    heteroatom selected from N, O and S;-   R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c);-   R₃ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted    alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano,    nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),    NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),    S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),    NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),    NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e);-   R₅ is alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₆ and R₉ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro,    CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, or OR_(a);-   R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl,    cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R₁₄ and R₁₅    together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle;-   n is an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6;-   R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or    substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;-   R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle    or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said    R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded    optionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and-   R_(e) is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,    alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, R₃is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R₁ and R₃ are each independentlyhydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl orsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₁, R₃ and R₆ are each independently hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₄, R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₁, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇ and R₈ are each independentlyhydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is alkylaryl or alkylheteroaryl, in whichsaid alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl may be optionally substituted. In certainother embodiments, R₅ is aryl or substituted aryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is phenyl or substituted phenyl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is heterocycle or substituted heterocycle. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is pyridine or substituted pyridine.

In certain embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen orC₁₋₄ alkyl or substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₉and R₁₀ are each independently methyl.

In certain embodiments, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, alkyl orsubstituted alkyl, or said R₁₄ and R₁₅ together with the N to which theyare bonded optionally form a 3-membered, 4-membered, 5-membered,6-membered, or 7-membered saturated substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycle. In certain other embodiments, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independentlyhydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl or substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, or said R₁₄ and R₁₅together with the N to which they are bonded form a substituted orunsubstituted

wherein m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4and 5. In yet other embodiments, R₁₄ and R₁₅ together with the N towhich they are bonded form a 6-membered or 7-membered saturatedsubstituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, optionally containing anadditional heteroatom selected from N, O and S. In yet otherembodiments, R₁₄ and R₁₅ together with the N to which they are bondedform a 6-membered saturated substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle,optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from N.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula III,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected:

-   Het is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring containing at least one    heteroatom selected from N, O and S;-   R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c);-   R₃ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted    alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano,    nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),    NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),    S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),    NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),    NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e);-   R₅ is alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₆ and R₉ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro,    CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, or OR_(a);-   R₁₁ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl,    cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R₁₂ and R₁₃    together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle;-   n is an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6;-   R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or    substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;-   R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle    or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said    R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded    optionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and-   R_(e) is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,    alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, R₃is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R₁ and R₃ are each independentlyhydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl orsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₁, R₃ and R₆ are each independently hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₄, R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₁, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇ and R₈ are each independentlyhydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is alkylaryl or alkylheteroaryl, in whichsaid alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl may be optionally substituted. In certainother embodiments, R₅ is aryl or substituted aryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is phenyl or substituted phenyl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is heterocycle or substituted heterocycle. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is pyridine or substituted pyridine.

In certain embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen orC₁₋₄ alkyl or substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₉and R₁₀ are each independently methyl.

In certain embodiments, R₁₁ is hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, nis 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl orsubstituted alkyl, or said R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the N to which theyare bonded optionally form a 3-membered, 4-membered, 5-membered,6-membered, or 7-membered saturated substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycle. In certain other embodiments, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independentlyhydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl or substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, or said R₁₂ and R₁₃together with the N to which they are bonded form a substituted orunsubstituted

wherein m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4and 5.

In yet other embodiments, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each independently ethyl. Inyet other embodiments, R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the N to which they arebonded form a 6-membered or 7-membered saturated substituted orunsubstituted heterocycle, optionally containing an additionalheteroatom selected from N, O and S. In yet other embodiments, R₁₂ andR₁₃ together with the N to which they are bonded form a 6-memberedsaturated substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, optionallycontaining an additional heteroatom selected from N.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula IV,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected:

-   Het is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring containing at least one    heteroatom selected from N, O and S;-   R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c);-   R₃ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted    alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano,    nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),    NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),    S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),    NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),    NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e);-   R₅ is alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₆ and R₉ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro,    CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, or OR_(a);-   R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl,    cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R₁₄ and R₁₅    together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle;-   R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or    substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;-   R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle    or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said    R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded    optionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and-   R_(e) is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,    alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, R₃is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R₁ and R₃ are each independentlyhydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl orsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₁, R₃ and R₆ are each independently hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₄, R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₁, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇ and R₈ are each independentlyhydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is alkylaryl or alkylheteroaryl, in whichsaid alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl may be optionally substituted. In certainother embodiments, R₅ is aryl or substituted aryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is phenyl or substituted phenyl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is heterocycle or substituted heterocycle. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is pyridine or substituted pyridine.

In certain embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen orC₁₋₄ alkyl or substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₉and R₁₀ are each independently methyl.

In certain embodiments, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, alkyl orsubstituted alkyl, or said R₁₄ and R₁₅ together with the N to which theyare bonded optionally form a 3-membered, 4-membered, 5-membered,6-membered, or 7-membered saturated substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycle. In certain other embodiments, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independentlyhydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl or substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, or said R₁₄ and R₁₅together with the N to which they are bonded form a substituted orunsubstituted

wherein m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4and 5. In yet other embodiments, R₁₄ and R₁₅ together with the N towhich they are bonded form a 6-membered or 7-membered saturatedsubstituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, optionally containing anadditional heteroatom selected from N, O and S. In yet otherembodiments, R₁₄ and R₁₅ together with the N to which they are bondedform a 6-membered saturated substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle,optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from N.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula V,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected:

-   R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c);-   R₃ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted    alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano,    nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted    alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a),    S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e),    NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),    S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),    C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),    NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),    NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e);-   R₅ is substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle,    aryl or substituted aryl;-   R₆ and R₉ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro,    CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, or OR_(a);-   R₁₁ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl,    cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted    heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R₁₂ and R₁₃    together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle;-   n is an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6;-   R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or    substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or    substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,    heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;-   R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or    substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle    or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said    R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded    optionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and-   R_(e) is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,    alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted    cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or    substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, R₃is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R₁ and R₃ are each independentlyhydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl orsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₁, R₃ and R₆ are each independently hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₄, R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen. In yetother embodiments, R₁, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇ and R₈ are each independentlyhydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is alkylaryl or alkylheteroaryl, in whichsaid alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl may be optionally substituted. In certainother embodiments, R₅ is aryl or substituted aryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is phenyl or substituted phenyl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is heterocycle or substituted heterocycle. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl. In yet otherembodiments, R₅ is pyridine or substituted pyridine.

In certain embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen orC₁₋₄ alkyl or substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₉and R₁₀ are each independently methyl.

In certain embodiments, R₁₁ is hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, nis 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl orsubstituted alkyl, or said R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the N to which theyare bonded optionally form a 3-membered, 4-membered, 5-membered,6-membered, or 7-membered saturated substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycle. In certain other embodiments, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independentlyhydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl or substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, or said R₁₂ and R₁₃together with the N to which they are bonded form a substituted orunsubstituted

wherein m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4and 5.

In yet other embodiments, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each independently ethyl. Inyet other embodiments, R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the N to which they arebonded form a 6-membered or 7-membered saturated substituted orunsubstituted heterocycle, optionally containing an additionalheteroatom selected from N, O and S. In yet other embodiments, R₁₂ andR₁₃ together with the N to which they are bonded form a 6-memberedsaturated substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, optionallycontaining an additional heteroatom selected from N.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a compound selected fromthe group consisting of:

and an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof.

C. Uses, Formulation and Administration

The present invention also provides, in part, a method of treating,preventing or ameliorating a protein kinase related disorder in amammal, comprising administering to the mammal in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound of the present invention as described hereinabove.The mammal may be in need of the treatment or the treatment may beadministered prophylacticly for prevention or for amelioration of theprotein kinase related disorder.

A “protein kinase related disorder” is any disease or deleteriouscondition in which a protein kinase plays a role. Examples include aserine-threonine kinase related disorder, a receptor tyrosine kinaserelated disorder, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase related disorder, anEGFR related disorder, an IGFR related disorder, a PDGFR relateddisorder and a flk related disorder. The compounds of the presentinvention may be used for any of these protein kinase related disorders.

In certain embodiments, the protein kinase related disorder is a cancersuch as lung cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma,ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, small-cell lung cancer,glioma, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, genitourinarycancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma,non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, gastrointestinal cancer, gastric cancer,hepatoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, renalcell carcinoma, astrocytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, chronic myelogenousleukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders, andglioblastoma.

According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, “cancerstem cell” (“CSC”) or “cancer stem cells” (“CSCs”) refer to a minutepopulation of cancer cells that have self-renewal capability and aretumorigenic. They are also called “Cancer Initiating Cells”, “TumorInitiating Cells”, “Cancer Stem-Like Cells”, “Stem-Like Cancer Cells”,“aggressive cancer cells”, and “super malignant cancer cells”, etc. Themethods of isolating these cells include but not limited to enrichmentby their ability of efflux Hoechst 33342, enrichment of surface markerssuch as CD133, CD44, and others, and enrichment by their tumorigenicproperty.

The term “CSCPK” or “CSCPKs” refer to protein kinase(s) that areessential for cancer stem cell survival or self-renewal.

In certain embodiments, the protein kinase is CSCPK. The compounds ofthe present invention are particularly useful for the treatment,prevention or amelioration of cancer, such as lung cancer, bladdercancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer,breast cancer, small-cell lung cancer, glioma, colorectal cancer,non-small-cell lung cancer, genitourinary cancer, pancreatic cancer,thyroid cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,gastrointestinal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatoma, gastrointestinalstromal tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma,astrocytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acutemyelogenous leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders, and glioblastoma, byinhibiting CSCPKs.

In yet other embodiments, the protein kinase includes serine-threoninekinases, receptor tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases.

In yet other embodiments, the protein kinase related disorder includesdiabetes, an autoimmune disorder, a hyperproliferation disorder,angiogenesis, an inflammatory disorder, an immunological disorder, acardiovascular disorder, restenosis, fibrosis, psoriasis, vonHeppel-Lindau disease, osteoarthritis, neurodegeneration, infection, andrheumatoid arthritis.

The present invention provides, in part, a method ofinhibiting/reducing/diminishing cancer stem cell survival and/orproliferation, self-renewal in a mammal by inhibiting or decreasingunwanted activity of CSCPKs.

The present invention also provides, in part, a method of inhibitingcancer stem cell niche, or stromal cell signaling by targeting CSCPKs.

The present invention further provides, in part, a method of treatingcancer, inhibiting/reducing/diminishing cancer stem cell survival and/orproliferation.

The present invention also provides, in part, a method of modulating thecatalytic activity of a protein kinase. The method comprises contactingsaid protein kinase with a compound of the present invention, or apharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, theprotein kinase includes a serine-threonine kinase, a receptor tyrosinekinase and a non-receptor tyrosine kinase.

The present invention also provides, in part, a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of the present invention as describedhereinabove, or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and apharmaceutically-acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent.

Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral,nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal and/orparenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently bepresented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods wellknown in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which canbe combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form willvary depending upon the mammal being treated and the particular mode ofadministration. The amount of active ingredient, which can be combinedwith a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generallybe that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect.Generally, out of 100%, this amount will range, for example, from about0.1% to about 25% of active ingredient.

Therapeutic compositions or formulations of the invention suitable fororal administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills,tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia ortragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in anaqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oilliquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using aninert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/oras mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount ofa compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. A compoundof the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuaryor paste.

In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration(capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), thealcohol or inhibitor according to the invention is mixed with one ormore pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate ordicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders,such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicicacid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates,gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, suchas glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calciumcarbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates,sodium carbonate, and sodium starch glycolate; solution retardingagents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternaryammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol,glycerol monostearate, and polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxidecopolymer; absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; lubricants,such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethyleneglycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and coloringagents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceuticalcompositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of asimilar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filledgelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, aswell as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of theinvention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions,solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the activeingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonlyused in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents,solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropylalcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzylbenzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular,cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils),glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acidesters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Additionally, cyclodextrins,e.g., hydroxypropyl-.beta.-cyclodextrin, may be used to solubilizecompounds.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvantssuch as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening,flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents. Suspensions, inaddition to the alcohols or inhibitors according to the invention, maycontain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearylalcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystallinecellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth,and mixtures thereof.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention forrectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository,which may be prepared by mixing one or more alcohols or inhibitorsaccording to the invention, with one or more suitable nonirritatingexcipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter,polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which issolid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and,therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release theactive pharmaceutical agents of the invention. Formulations of thepresent invention which are suitable for vaginal administration alsoinclude pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprayformulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to beappropriate.

Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of an alcoholor other inhibitor according to the invention include powders, sprays,ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches andinhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditionswith a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives,buffers, or propellants which may be required.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to analcohol or other inhibitor according to the invention, excipients, suchas animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch,tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones,bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of thisinvention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminumhydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of thesesubstances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, suchas chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons,such as butane and propane.

Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like,are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteraladministration comprise one or more alcohols or inhibitors according tothe invention in combination with one or morepharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueoussolutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powderswhich may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions ordispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers,bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with theblood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of the alcohol orinhibitor according to the invention, it is desirable to slow theabsorption of the alcohol or inhibitor from subcutaneous orintramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquidsuspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor watersolubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon itsrate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size andcrystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of aparenterally-administered composition is accomplished by dissolving orsuspending the alcohol or inhibitor in an oil vehicle. One strategy fordepot injections includes the use of polyethylene oxide-polypropyleneoxide copolymers wherein the vehicle is fluid at room temperature andsolidifies at body temperature.

The pharmaceutical compounds of this invention may be administeredalone, or simultaneously, subsequently or sequentially with one or moreactive agents, other pharmaceutical agents, or with other anti-cancer orcytotoxic agent as described hereinabove, as well as in combination witha pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent asdescribed above.

The amount of pharmacological agent in the oral unit dosage form, withas a single or multiple dosage, is an amount that is effective fortreating a neurological disorder. As one of skill in the art willrecognize, the precise dose to be employed will depend on a variety offactors, examples of which include the condition itself, the seriousnessof the condition being treated, the particular composition used, as wellas various physical factors related to the individual being treated. Invitro or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identifyoptimal dosage ranges.

The compounds of the invention will normally be administered in a dailydosage regimen (for an adult patient) of, for example, an oral dose ofbetween 1 mg and 2000 mg, preferably between 30 mg and 1000 mg, e.g.between 10 and 250 mg or an intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramusculardose of between 0.1 mg and 100 mg, preferably between 0.1 mg and 50 mg,e.g. between 1 and 25 mg of the compounds of the invention or aphysiologically acceptable salt thereof calculated as the free base, thecompound being administered 1 to 4 times per day. Suitably the compoundswill be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example fora week or more.

D. Chemical Synthesis

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared using the methodsdescribed below, together with synthetic methods known one skilled inthe art of organic synthesis, or variations thereon. The reactions areperformed in solvents appropriate to the reagents and materials employedand are suitable for transformations being effected. The startingmaterials for the examples contained herein are either commerciallyavailable or are readily prepared by standard methods from knownmaterials. For example, the following reactions are illustrations butnot limitations of the preparation of some of the starting materials andexamples used herein. The various substituents on compounds of formulaeas shown in Schemes 1 and 2 are as defined hereinabove.

As shown in Scheme 1, a compound of formula VII can react with acompound of formula VIII to under conditions effective (e.g., heating)to provide a thiazole-substituted compound of formula VI. The compoundof formula VI can further react with a compound of formula IX in thepresence of a base (e.g., piperidine) to give a compound of formula VI.

A compound of formula II can be prepared in accordance with Scheme 2.The compound of formula VI can react with a compound of formula X in thepresence of a base (e.g., piperidine) to give a compound of formula XI.The compound of formula XI can further react with an amine formula ofXII, in the presence of a peptide coupling agent and a base, to providethe compound of formula II.

The following examples further illustrate, without limitation, thepreparation for the compounds of the present invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of Compound 7-1

To a suspension of 5-chloroacetyloxindole 1 (42 mg, 0.2 mmol) inEtOH/THF (2 mL/1 mL) was added thioacetamide 2-1 (15 mg, 0.2 mmol). Themixture was heated at 80 C for 16 h before cooled down. The solution wasconcentrated in vacuo to get an orange solid 3. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,DMSO-d6) δ 10.50 (br. S, 1H), 7.72-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.16 (s,1H), 6.86 (d, 1H, J=8.63 Hz), 3.42-4.54 (m, 2H); MS m/z 231.10 (M+H).

To a solution of 3 (53 mg, 0.2 mmol) in EtOH/THF (2 mL/1 mL) (or use theabove reaction mixture in EtOH/THF (2 mL/1 mL) solution) was added5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid 4 (33.4 mg, 0.2 mmol)and piperidine (21.8 μL). The mixture was heated at 80 C for 2 hours.After cooled down to room temperature, the reaction mixture wasfiltrated and washed with EtOH (1 mL) to get the reddish solid 5. ¹H NMR(300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.80 (s, 1H), 12.10 (br.s, 1H), 11.08 (s, 1H),8.35 (s, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.78-7.81 (m, 2H), 6.94 (d, 1H, J=8.11 Hz),2.74 (s, 3H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H); MS m/z 380.21 (M+H).

To a solution of 5 (20 mg, 0.052 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was added HATU(24 mg, 0.063 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (30 μL, 0.168 mmol), and1-methylpiperazine 6-1 (10 μL, 0.090 mmol). The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 16 hours then concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas added CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and extracted with H₂O (3×1.5 mL). The organiclayer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/Et₃N) to get a yellowsolid 7-1. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.00 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.83(s, 1H), 7.65-7.78 (m, 2H), 6.94 (d, 1H, J=8.18 Hz), 3.02-3.20 (m, 4H),2.74 (s, 3H), 2.5-2.58 (m, 4H), 2.5 (s, 6H), 2.3 (s, 3H); MS m/z 462.20(M+H).

Example 2 Preparation of Compound 10-1

To a suspension of 5-chloroacetyloxindole 1 (820 mg, 4 mmol) in EtOH/THF(20 mL/20 mL) was added thiobenzamide 2-2 (550 mg, 4 mmol). The mixturewas heated at 80 C for 16 h before cooled down. The solution wasconcentrated in vacuo to get an orange solid 8. MS m/z 293.20 (M+H).

To this solid 8 was added EtOH/THF (20 mL/20 mL) (or use the abovereaction mixture), 5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid 4(668 mg, 4 mmol) and piperidine (400 μL). The mixture was heated at 80 Cfor 5 hours. After cooled down to room temperature, the reaction mixturewas filtrated and washed with EtOH (1 mL) to get the orange solid 9. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.80 (s, 1H), 12.40 (s, 1H), 11.10 (s, 1H),8.47 (s, 1H), 8.07-8.12 (m, 3H), 7.94 (d, 1H, J=8.00 Hz), 7.86 (s, 1H),7.55-7.6 (m, 3H), 7.01 (d, 1H, J=8.10 Hz), 2.59 (s, 3H), 2.57 (s, 3H);MS m/z 442.20 (M+H).

To a solution of 9 (34 mg, 0.077 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was added HATU(35 mg, 0.092 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (30 μL, 0.168 mmol), and1-methylpiperazine 6-1 (15 μL, 0.13 mmol). The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 16 hours then concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas added CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and extracted with H₂O (3×1.5 mL). The organiclayer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/Et₃N) to get a yellowsolid 10-1. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.68 (s, 1H), 11.10 (s, 1H),8.44 (s, 1H), 8.07-8.10 (m, 3H), 7.91 (d, 1H, J=8.00 Hz), 7.80 (s, 1H),7.68-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.01 (d, 1H, J=8.10 Hz), 3.02-3.15(m, 4H), 2.52-2.58 (m, 4H), 2.5 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H); MSm/z 524.20 (M+H).

Example 3 Preparation of Compound 10-2

To a solution of 9 (1.55 g, 3.5 mmol) in DMF (130 mL) was added HATU(1.6 g, 4.2 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (1.6 mL, 9.2 mmol), andN,N-diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine 6-2 (0.6 mL, 4.2 mmol). The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 16 hours then concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was added CH₂Cl₂ (800 mL) and extracted with H₂O (200 mL),saturated NaHCO₃ (200 mL), H₂O (2×200 mL), and brine (200 mL). Theorganic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was added small amount of MeOH and filtration to get a yellowsolid 10-2. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.70 (s, 1H), 11.10 (s, 1H),8.44 (s, 1H), 8.07-8.10 (m, 3H), 7.92 (d, 1H, J=8.10 Hz), 7.81 (s, 1H),7.3-7.6 (m, 3H), 7.00 (d, 1H, J=8.10 Hz), 3.2-3.3 (m, 2H), 2.5-2.6 (m,6H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 1.00 (t, 6H, J=6.90 Hz); MS m/z 540.20(M+H).

Example 4 Preparation of Compound 13-1

To a suspension of 5-chloroacetyloxindole 1 (42 mg, 0.2 mmol) inEtOH/THF (1 mL/1 mL) was added thionicotinamide 2-3 (27.8 mg, 0.2 mmol).The mixture was heated at 80 C for 16 h before cooled down. The solutionwas concentrated in vacuo to get an orange solid 11. MS m/z 294.20(M+H).

To this solid 11 was added EtOH/THF (1 mL/1 mL),5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (33.4 mg, 0.2 mmol)and piperidine (21.8 μL). The mixture was heated at 80 C for 2 hours.After cooled down to room temperature, the reaction mixture wasconcentrated and filtrated to get the orange solid 12. MS m/z 443.20(M+H).

To a solution of the solid 12 (44 mg, 0.10 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) wasadded HATU (35 mg, 0.12 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (50 μL, 0.33 mmol),and 1-methylpiperazine 6-1 (30 μL, 0.26 mmol). The mixture was stirredat room temperature for 16 hours then concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas added CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and extracted with H₂O (1.5 mL). The organiclayer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/Et₃N) to get a yellowsolid 13-1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.55 (s, 1H), 11.00 (s, 1H),9.20 (d, 1H, J=1.60 Hz), 8.64 (dd, 1H, J=4.70, 1.60 Hz), 8.35-8.37 (m,2H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.84 (dd, 1H, J=8.00, 1.60 Hz), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.52(ddd, J=8.00, 4.70, 0.70 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, 1H, J=8.00 Hz), 3.07-3.2 (m,4H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.24-2.3 (m, 4H), 2.13 (s, 3H); MS m/z525.20 (M+H).

Example 5 Preparation of Compound 13-2

To a solution of the solid 12 (44 mg, 0.10 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) wasadded HATU (35 mg, 0.12 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (50 μL, 0.33 mmol),and N,N-diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine 6-2 (23 μL, 0.2 mmol). The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 16 hours then concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was added CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and extracted with H₂O (1.5 mL). Theorganic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/Et₃N) to geta yellow solid 13-2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.60 (s, 1H), 11.00(s, 1H), 9.18 (d, 1H, J=1.60 Hz), 8.64 (dd, 1H, J=4.80, 1.60 Hz),8.33-8.37 (m, 2H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.83 (dd, 1H, J=8.00, 1.60 Hz), 7.71(s, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J=8.00, 4.80 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.39 (m, 1H), 6.91 (d, 1H,J=8.00 Hz), 3.20 (q, J=7.10 Hz, 4H), 2.4-2.6 (m, 4H), 0.90 (t, J=7.10Hz, 6H); MS m/z 525.20 (M+H). MS m/z 541.20 (M+H).

Compound 13-2 can be prepared from compound 12 andN,N-diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine 6-2 using a method analogous to that usedfor the preparation of compound 13-1.

Example 6 Formulation of the Compounds in this Invention

The compounds in this invention can be formulated in the acceptable oralvehicles as solution mixture or as suspension mixture. For example, the10 mg/ml solution formulation was prepared as followed. 100 mg ofCompound 10-2 [as shown in Example 3] was dissolved in 1.25 ml of DMA(dimethylacetamide) by vigorously shaking and sonication. To theresulting solution, were then added 8.75 ml of the mixture solventconsisting of PEG400 and 20% aqueous vitamin E TPGS (60:40) and 75 μl of2.4 N HCl. The resulting mixture was heated and sonicated in 45° C.water bath until the solution became clear. The 10 mg/ml suspensionformulation was prepared as followed. 100 mg of compound 10-2 wassuspended in 10 ml of 0.7% citric acid, and became uniform suspension byvigorously shaking and sonication

Example 7 Biological Assays

Compounds of the present invention can be tested according to theprotocol described.

Cell Culture:

HeLa, Dld1, SW480, MDA-MB-231, A549, HT29, A431, PC3, FaDu, HepG2, andH1299 cells (ATCC, Manassas, Va.) were maintained in Dulbecco's ModifiedEagle Medium (DMEM) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gemini Bio-Products, West Sacramento, Calif.)and 5% penicillin/streptomycin/amphotercin B (Invitrogen).

Cell Viability Determination:

For colony formation assay, cells were plated in 6 well plates at 2000cells per well. Twenty-four hours after plating, cells were treated withcompound. Colonies were allowed to develop for 7-10 days, at which theywere stained with modified Giemsa stain (Sigma). Stained colonies werethen counted to determine IC₅₀.

Western Blot Analysis:

Cultured cells were harvested and lysed in whole-cell extract buffer (50mM Tris-HcL pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1.0% NP-40, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM sodiumorthovanadate, lx protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)) by incubation for30 minutes on ice. Soluble proteins were separated by centrifugation at13,000×g in a microcentrifuge, and supernatants were stored at −70° C.Proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis analysis and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoridemembrane (Biorad, Hercules, Calif.) by electroblotting.

Hoechst Side Population:

SW480 cells were removed from the culture dish with trypsin andethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (“EDTA”), pelleted by centrifugation,washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and resuspended at 37° C.in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 2% FBS and 1 mM4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). The cellswere then labeled with Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen) at a concentration of5 μg/mL. The labeled cells were incubated for 120 minutes at 37° C.,either alone or with 50 μM verapamil (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis). Afterstaining, the cells were suspended in Hanks' balanced saline solution(HBSS; Invitrogen) containing 2% FBS and 1 mM HEPES, passed a through 40μm mesh filter, and maintained at 4° C. until flow cytometry analysis.The Hoechst dye was excited at 350 nm, and its fluorescence was measuredat two wavelengths using a 450 DF10 (450/20 nm band-pass filter) and a675LP (675 nm long-pass edge filter) optical filter. The gating onforward and side scatter was not stringent, and only debris was excluded(Goodell et al., 1996 J Exp Med 183, 1797-806).

CSC Isolation with Surface Markers:

Sorting tumor cells based primarily upon the differential expression ofthe surface marker(s), such as CD44 or CD133, have accounted for themajority of the highly tumorigenic CSCs described to date. CD44^(high)cells were isolated by FACS according to the methods described in Pontiet al, with slight modification [24]. Briefly, after trypsinization andrecovery of cells for 30 minutes at 37° C. in growth media, cells werepelleted at 400×g and were resuspended in PBS with 2% FBS and 1 mM EDTAat 1×10⁶ cells/mL. Cells were then incubated on ice with a 1:100dilution of CD44-FITC (BD Biosicences, San Diego, Calif.) for 15minutes. Alternatively, CD24-PE (BD Bioscences, San Diego, Calif.)(1:100) was utilized for negative selection. After washing three times,cells were resuspended at 2×10⁶/mL and passed through a 40 μM meshbefore sorting.

Immunofluorescence:

Cells treated with indicated compound for an indicated time were eitherfixed in 4% formaldehyde or cold methanol for the detection of AnnexinV. Coverslips were air dried and rehydrated in PBS at room temperaturefor 10 min. Samples were then incubated in blocking buffer (PBS, 5% FBS)for about 10 min. at room temperature in a humid chamber. Cells wereincubated overnight at 4° C. with primary antibodies. After washing, thecells were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with a 1:500dilution of FITC conjugated anti-rabbit antibody. Images were capturedwith a Nikon TE200 microscope equipped with epifluorescence and a SPOTmosaic CCD camerapolyclonal Annexin-V-FITC was obtained from Roche,Penzberg, Germany.

Sphere Assay:

A reliable method of measuring the self-renewal capacity of cellpopulation if the ability to be cultured as spheres in the absence ofserum or attachment. CD44^(high) FaDu or Hoechst side population cancerstem cells were cultured in ultra low attachment plates in cancer stemcell media (DMEM/F12, B27 Neurobasal supplement, 20 ng/ml EGF, 10 ng/mlFGF, 4 μg/ml insulin, and 0.4% BSA) to allow spheres formation.Typically, sphere formation was evaluated by microscopy after 10-14 daysin culture and spheres with >50 cells were scored.

Murine Xenograft Model:

Human prostate cancer xenograft PC3 cells were passaged internally andinoculated into male athymic nude mice s.c. at a level of 8.0×10⁶cells/mouse. At staging, the tumors were approximately 350 mm³. Tumordimensions were determined using a digital caliper and tumor volumeswere calculated as [length×(width)/2]. Similarly, human liver cancerxenograft HepG2 cells were inoculated into female nude mice at a levelof 8.0×10⁶ cells/mouse and the treatment began when the tumors wereabout 700 mm³. Human head and neck cancer xenograft FaDu cells wereinoculated into female nude mice at a level of 6.0×10⁶ cells/mouse andthe treatment began when the tumors were about 150 mm³.

Test Articles:

Compound 10-2 [as shown in Example 3] as a hydrochloride salt wasformulated to 10 mg/ml in DMA/PEG400/H₂O (10%:50%:40%) forintraperitoneal administration and was formulated to 10 mg/ml inDMA/PEG400/20% Vitamin E (12.5%/52.5%/35%) for per osl administration.

Test Article Administration: Dosing was done as indicated.

TABLE 1 Summary of Study Groups and Treatment Regimens Treatment RegimenTest Dose Group Group ID N Article Vehicle (mg/kg) 1 Vehicle Control 5-8none DMA/PEG400/ 0 H₂O (or Vit. E) 2 10-2 5-8 10-2 DMA/PEG400/ Asindicated H₂O (or Vit. E)

In Life Evaluations:

Daily examinations into the health status of each animal were alsoconducted. Body weights were checked every three days. Food and waterwas supplied daily according to the animal husbandry procedures of thefacility. Treatment producing >20% lethality and or >20% net body weightloss were considered toxic. The results are expressed as mean tumorvolume (mm³)±SE. P Values <0.05 are considered to be statisticallyrelevant.

Animal Husbandry:

Male or female athymic nude mice 4-5 weeks (Charles River Laboratories,Wilmington, Mass.), were acclimated to the animal housing facility forat least 1 week before study initiation. All of the experimentalprocedures utilized were consistent with the guidelines outlined by theAmerican Physiology Society and the Guide for the Care and Use ofLaboratory Animals and were also approved by the Institutional AnimalCare and Use Committee of Boston Biomedical Inc. The animals were housedin groups of four in wood chip bedded cages in a room having controlledtemperature (68° F.-72° F.), light (12-h light-dark cycle), and humidity(45-55%). The animals were allowed free access to water and food duringthe experiment.

Example 8 Identification of Compounds that Inhibit Kinases

The ability of Compound 10-2 [as shown in Example 3] was evaluated forits ability to inhibit certain oncogenic kinases. Cells were treatedwith compound 10-2 for 6 hours prior to addition of EGF to the growthmedium for 15 minutes. Western blot analysis was performed to determinelevels of the phosphorylated forms of EGFR, c-Met and Her2 receptortyrosine kinases. It was found that incubation of cells with compoundsof the present invention blocked activation of EGFR, c-Met and Her2 (seeFIG. 1).

Compound 10-2 [as shown in Example 3] was tested to determine whether itcauses a global inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity. Compound 10-2was treated in cells for 6 hours to examine its effect on levels oftyrosine phosphorylated proteins. A slight decrease was observed intotal tyrosine phosphorylation in cells treated with greater than 1 μM10-2. However, no decrease was observed in levels of phospho-tyrosine incells treated with less than 1 μM 10-2 (see FIG. 2). These data suggestthat Compound 10-2 specifically inhibits activation of EGFR, cMet, Her2,and possibly additional kinases, but does not cause a global reductionin tyrosine kinase activity.

A kinase profile experiment was performed to determine the IC₅₀ ofcompound 10-2 for a panel of about 200 kinases. Compound 10-2 [as shownin Example 3] was found to selectively inhibit PDGFRα with an IC50ranging from 4-30 nM, which is about 1000 folds selective over PDGFRbeta. The kinome profile of compound 10-2 is compared to that of thereference compound served here as a control tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI). As you can see in FIG. 3, compound 10-2 has a much cleaner kinomeprofile, which suggests that compound 10-2 will have an improvedtoxicity profile than the reference compound.

Example 9 In Vitro Cell Death Induction

Compounds 5 [as shown in Example 1], 3 [as shown in Example 1], 7-1 [asshown in Example 1], 10-2 [as shown in Example 3], 10-1 [as shown inExample 2], and 13-1 [as shown in Example 4] were tested for theirability to inhibit cell growth and promote cell death using the colonyformation assay (CFA). Cells were treated for either 6 or twenty-fourhours with the indicated compounds, and then allowed to grow for anadditional 7-10 days. Cells were then stained, and colonies counted todetermine IC-50 values. For purposes of illustrating only, thebiological results of Compounds 5, 3, 7-1, 10-2, 10-1, and 13-1 areshown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Compounds HT29 (IC₅₀) MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀) FaDu (IC₅₀) 5 10-25 μM6-10 μM 3 50-300 μM 50-300 μM  7-1 6-10 μM 6-10 μM 10-2 100-250 μM100-250 μM 10-1 1.5-3 μM 0.8-1.5 μM 13-1 400-800 μM 100-250 μM 13-2300-400 nM

Similarly, Compound 10-2 [as shown in Example 3] was tested against awide range of cancer cell lines. The results show that Compound 10-2 haspotent activities against these cells (Table 3).

TABLE 3 Cell Compound 10-2 (μM) line Tissue type 6 hrs 24 hrs DId1 Coloncancer 0.507 0.497 SW480 0.419 0.400 HT29 0.193 0.238 H1299 Lung cancer1.048 0.450 A549 0.509 0.502 A431 Skin cancer 0.537 0.424 HepG2 Livercancer 0.907 0.386 ACHN Kidney cancer 0.53 0.40 FaDu Head and 0.62 0.50neck cancer

Example 10 Identification of Compound 10-2 that Target Cancer Stem Cells

SW480 cells were stained with Hoechst. The side population (shown inFIG. 4A, upper left panel gated area) was sorted out to enrich thecancer stem cells. A control set of SW480 cells were first treated withVerapamil, an inhibitor of ABC transporters, before stained withHoechst. As shown in the lower left panel of FIG. 4A, Verapamiltreatment results in the loss of the side population. The SP represented1.3% of parent population, and upon being cultured for seven days thesorted SP cells diminished from 98.5% to 10.1% (FIG. 4A, upper rightpanel). These data demonstrate a defining characteristic of CSCs, theability to divide asymmetrically and to self-renew.

The IC₅₀ of compound 10-2 against the Hoechst side population wasaccessed in colony formation assays and was compared to the IC₅₀ againstthe non-side population. As shown in FIG. 4B, the side population is 2fold more sensitive as the non-side population to compound 10-2. Inaddition, the side population is more resistant than the non-sidepopulation to Doxorubicin. These data suggest that compound 10-2 killcancer stem cells.

The Hoechst side population cells were treated with compound 10-2 andthe mode of cell death was accessed by Annexin V (an early marker forapoptosis) staining. As shown in FIG. 4C, the dying cells are Annexin Vpositive, demonstrating that compound 10-2 is apoptotic to cancer stemcells.

One of the hallmarks of cancer stem cells is their ability toself-renew. A reliable method of measuring the self-renewal capacity ofcell populations is the ability to be cultured as spheres in the absenceof serum or attachment. To determine the effect of compound 10-2 on CSCself-renewal, CSCs were isolated from FaDu human head and neck cancercells by FACS using CSC surface marker CD44. Cells were cultered in theabsence of attachment and serum for 5 days to form primary spheres.Primary spheres were then dissociated in Accumax to single cells, andwere cultured as above for 72 hours before the addition of compound 10-2or the control tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). After five days oftreatment, representative sphere images were captured before and afterthe addition of trypan blue to identify dead cells (FIG. 5A). Spheregrowth was scored by counting the number of spheres possessing >50cells. The % spherogensis was calculated by setting the spherogenesis ofthe cells treated with DMSO as 100% (FIG. 5B). The results showed thatcompound 10-2, but not the control TKI, inhibits the CSC self-renewal.

In addition, we also tested if compound 10-2 can target cancer stemcells in vivo. Six-week-old female athymic nu/nu mice were obtained fromCharles River Labs (Wilmington, Mass.). Mice were injectedsubcutaneously on the flank with 6×10⁶ FaDu cancer cells in 0.2 mL ofserum-free DMEM. After xenografts reached ˜200 mm³ in size, animalsbearing FaDu xenograft tumors were administered daily with eithervehicle, carboplatin (30 mg/kg), or compound 10-2 (100 mg/kg) via po forfour days before sacrifice. Tumors were then collected for FaDu cells.Single cell suspensions were obtained following animal sacrifice, andsterile removal of tumors. Briefly, tumors were minced with sterilescalpels into 0.1 mm³ pieces before being digested in 1 mg/mLcollagenase/HBSS for 15-30 minutes with constant agitation. Followingpassage through a 40 μm mesh filter, RBCs, dead cells, and cell debriswere removed by layering the cell suspension onto 1 mL of Histopaque andcollecting interface layer after centrifugation at 1440×g for 30minutes. Live cells were then counted and used to measure their abilityto form spheres. Cells were distributed to ultra low attachment 96 wellplates at a density of 100 cells per well in cancer stem cell media(DMEM/F12, B27 Neurobasal supplement, 20 ng/mL EGF, 10 ng/mL FGF, 4μg/mL insulin, and 0.4% BSA). Fresh media was added every three days,and sphere formation was determined after 10-14 days in culture. Sphereswith >50 cells were scored. At conclusion of experiment, trypan blue wasadded to identify dead cells. As shown in FIG. 6, standardchemotherapies carboplatin does not target cancer stem cells evidencedby the unchanged spherogenesis. In contrast, even with only a four-daytreatment, compound 10-2 significantly decreased cancer stem cellsevidenced by the decreased spherogenesis.

Since compound 10-2 is a kinase inhibitor, the capability of compound10-2 to induce apoptosis and inhibit self-renewal in cancer stem cellsuggests that kinases inhibited by compound 10-2 are important for CSC(CSCPKs).

Example 11 In Vivo Anti-Tumor Efficacy

The anti-tumor activity of compound 10-2 [as shown in Example 3] wastested in a xenograft mouse model Immunosuppressed male mice withestablished subcutaneous PC3 human prostate cancer tumors were givencompound 10-2 (80 mg/kg), or vehicle control intraperitoneal (ip.). Micereceived a total of three treatments (as indicated as arrows in FIG. 7),and the Mean Tumor Volume (MTV) was analyzed. The vehicle control tumorsgrew comparably to that of previous studies performed with the PC3model. As shown in FIG. 7, treatment with compound 10-2 causedsignificant suppression of tumor growth with a tumor growth inhibition(TGI) of 62.5% (p=0.02<0.05).

Similarly, anti-tumor activity of compound 10-2 [as shown in Example 3]was tested in human liver cancer HepG2 xenograft model (FIG. 8), humanhead and neck cancer FaDu xenograft model (FIG. 9), and human gastriccancer MKN45 xenograft model (FIG. 10). Compound 10-2 was administratedorally daily at 100 mg/kg in these three models for a period of time asindicated in the figures. Our data shows that compound 10-2 alsopotently inhibits the tumor growth in these two xenograft models.

REFERENCES

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1. A compound of formula IV,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected: R₁ is hydrogen,alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl orsubstituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenylor substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle,aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e),C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c); R₃ and R₁₀ are eachindependently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl orsubstituted aryl; R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen,halogen, cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl,OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e),P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e); R₅ isalkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, arylor substituted aryl; R₆ and R₉ are each independently hydrogen, halogen,cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle orsubstituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, or OR_(a); R₁₄ andR₁₅ are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkylor substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, oraryl or substituted aryl, or said R₁₄ and R₁₅ together with the N towhich they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle or substitutedheterocycle; R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substitutedalkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substitutedheterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R_(b) and R_(c)together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form aheterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and R_(e) is alkyl orsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl orsubstituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenylor substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, oraryl or substituted aryl.
 2. A compound of formula V,

or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the symbols have the following meaningsand are, for each occurrence, independently selected: R₁ is hydrogen,alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl orsubstituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenylor substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle,aryl or substituted aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e),C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), or C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c); R₃ and R₁₀ are eachindependently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl orsubstituted aryl; R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen,halogen, cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl,OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e),P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e); R₅ issubstituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl orsubstituted aryl; R₆ and R₉ are each independently hydrogen, halogen,cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle orsubstituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl, or OR_(a); R₁₁ ishydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl orsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle orsubstituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R₁₂ andR₁₃ together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form aheterocycle or substituted heterocycle; n is an integer selected from 2,3, 4, 5 and 6; R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl;R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen, alkyl or substitutedalkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substitutedheterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, or said R_(b) and R_(c)together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form aheterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and R_(e) is alkyl orsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl orsubstituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenylor substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, oraryl or substituted aryl.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R₁, R₃,R₄, R₆, R₇, R₈ and R₁₁ are each independently hydrogen.
 4. The compoundof claim 3, wherein R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently methyl, and n is2.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independentlyhydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl or substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, or said R₁₂ and R₁₃together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a3-membered, 4-membered, 5-membered, 6-membered, or 7-membered saturatedsubstituted or unsubstituted heterocycle.
 6. The compound of claim 5,wherein R₅ is alkylaryl or alkylheteroaryl, in which said alkyl, aryl orheteroaryl may be optionally substituted.
 7. The compound of claim 5,wherein R₅ is aryl or substituted aryl.
 8. The compound of claim 5,wherein R₅ is heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl.
 9. The compound ofclaim 5, wherein R₅ is phenyl or substituted phenyl.
 10. Apharmaceutical composition comprising the compound or apharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof as claimed in claim 2 and apharmaceutically-acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent.
 11. A methodof treating cancer in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammalin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound asclaimed in claim
 2. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cancer isselected from the group consisting of lung cancer, bladder cancer, headand neck cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breastcancer, small-cell lung cancer, glioma, colorectal cancer, non-smallcell lung cancer, genitourinary cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroidcancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, gastrointestinalcancer, gastric cancer, hepatoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor,squamous cell carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, astrocytoma, Kaposi'ssarcoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia,myeloproliferative disorders, and glioblastoma.
 13. A method of treatinghepatocellular cancer (HCC) cancer in a mammal, comprising administeringto the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of thecompound as claimed in claim
 2. 14. A method ofinhibiting/reducing/diminishing cancer stem cell survival and/orproliferation in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound asclaimed in claim
 2. 15. A method of treating metastatic cancer in amammal, comprising administering to the mammal in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of the compound as claimed in claim 2.16. A process for preparing a compound of formula VI or apharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof,

wherein: R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl,OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), orC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c); R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen,halogen, cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl,OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e),P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e); R₅ isalkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, arylor substituted aryl; R₆ is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF₃,alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, arylor substituted aryl, or OR_(a); R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substitutedalkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl,cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substitutedcycloalkenyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl orsubstituted aryl; R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen,alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl,heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, orsaid R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bondedoptionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and R_(e) isalkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl orsubstituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenylor substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, oraryl or substituted aryl, comprising reacting a compound of formula VII,

wherein R₁, R₄, R₇, and R₈ are defined as hereinabove, and X is aleaving group selected from Cl Br, I, and —OSO₂R, in which R is alkyl,substituted alkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, with a compound of formulaVIII,

wherein R₅ is defined as hereinabove, to provide the compound of formulaVI.
 17. The process of claim 16, further comprising reacting thecompound of formula IV with a compound of formula IX,

wherein R₂ is heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl orsubstituted aryl; and R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl,cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substitutedheterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl; to provide a compound of formulaI or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof,

wherein: R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl,OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), orC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c); R₂ is heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl orsubstituted aryl; R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkylor substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, arylor substituted aryl; R₄, R₇, and R₈ are each independently hydrogen,halogen, cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF₃, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, aryl or substituted aryl,OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e),P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e),S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(e), C(═O)R_(a),C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e); R₅ isalkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, arylor substituted aryl; R₆ is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, CF₃, OCF₃,alkyl or substituted alkyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, arylor substituted aryl, or OR_(a); R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl or substitutedalkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl,cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substitutedcycloalkenyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl orsubstituted aryl; R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are independently hydrogen,alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl,heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, or aryl or substituted aryl, orsaid R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bondedoptionally form a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and R_(e) isalkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl orsubstituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenylor substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, oraryl or substituted aryl.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim10, further comprising at least one other anti-cancer therapy.
 19. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein said anti-cancer therapyis at least one therapy selected from the group consisting ofradiotherapy (XRT), cytotoxic agents, targeted agents, and adjunctiveagents.
 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, wherein saidanti-cancer therapy is selected from gemcitabine, erlotinib,Taxol/taxotere, platinum (carboplain and cisplatin), 5-FU, adriamycin,sorafenib, imatinib, avastin, erbitux, and herceptin.